Are One-Way Streets Really That Bad?
By Mike Brown, PE, AICP
See the original article at StrongTowns, or just read on...
In the rush to convert one-ways to two-ways, I worry we’re trending the wrong-way. “One-way bad, two-way good” is almost a dogmatic tribal chant now, and it’s getting a little loud. The rush to convert is an understandable reaction to engineering failure, but we may be blaming the wrong thing – ready to throw a fine baby, with a lot of potential, out with the bathwater. Soon, no one will dare speak of any virtue in one-way streets for fear of career-altering ridicule.
Rachel Quednau has a great article about problems she sees with a one-way couplet in her neighborhood. It boils down to being too fast. She argues that converting it could be a good way to slow it down and make it safer. It probably would slow it a bit, but other low-cost strategies can slow it also – without losing the good parts of couplets. In another critique of couplets, John Gilderbloom and William Riggs have an insightful piece showing evidence that property-values along older one-ways are much lower than along similar two-way streets. Again, their observations generally boil down to high-speed. So, are one-ways inherently high-speed? Or do these findings simply indict both intentional and inadvertent high-speed designs?
Instead of asking “which is better,” maybe ask, “Can one-ways be calmed?” If so, then we should look at how one-ways and two-ways differ in terms of their ability to “dance well” with other modes, and promote high-density, walkable development. I think one-ways can work better than two-ways in many cases for the things the Strong Towns / CNU audience cares about.
Part 1 of Multi-Part Series
There’s a LOT of momentum swinging the pendulum too far against one-ways, so I’ve got a LOT of material to challenge you with. This Part 1, addresses the existing one-ways of pre-war tight grids. Later I’ll address whether couplets can play a positive role in new urbanist projects at Brownfield, Greyfield, and even Greenfield locations. I’ll probably dig deeper into analysis also.
Case Study, Prospect Avenue, Milwaukie
Look at Rachel’s couplet in Milwaukie photo below. First, it’s signed for 30 mph. There are few visual cues telling drivers to be cautious, and aggressive drivers know they can usually get away with 9 mph higher than the speed limit without a ticket, so closer to 40 mph will be common. This is high-density residential, so 25 or even 20 makes more sense. It’s true that switching signs to two-way will reduce speeds a bit at virtually zero cost (slightly higher sense of caution, and inability to pass slower drivers). But then it will be harder for both autos and pedestrians to find acceptable gaps in both directions for crossing, and there are more conflict-points for both autos and pedestrians in general. That will increase accidents, although reduced speed will offset the increase (hard to say which effect will be greater). I think there’s a better way…
A Friendlier Cross-Section
Below, I used the free “StreetPlan.net” to quickly sketch Existing vs. Restripe. The lack of white stripe between left parking and the travel lane subconsciously says “it’s wide.” If the goal is 25 or below, then 9-ft lanes will better delineate parking from traveled way, and greatly improve the bike lane to attract casual bikers. Nine-foot lanes are certainly not what traffic engineers want when aiming to help drivers get 5 or more miles up the road (hence the yellow warning). But most drivers here won’t be going 5-miles anyway. And if a lot do, then tough luck – the change will motivate drivers to move closer to their job. By the way, the red / yellow / green advice in StreetPlan comes from best practice guidance of both ITE and CNU, so if engineers say “It’s too tight for standards,” ask them, “Are you up to speed on your own industry? 9-ft is narrow but allowable – and recognized as a good way to reduce speed.”
Managing Intersections
Since Prospect Ave. looks like a drag-strip for half a mile, you feel like hitting the gas. If the community can raise a little more money, minor intersection modifications will force drivers to slow down. Raised table-top intersections with alternative coloring would work.
Forced curvature also works. I’m a terrible artist, so I stole a picture of bulb-outs on a two-way street, and modified to show how streetscape extensions (shaded blue) could force one-way traffic to slow down. This could be temporarily achieved with something as simple as a row of cinderblocks to create the blue spaces and some planted pots and lawn-chairs in the voids.
So if you want to do something and the city’s too slow, take a cue from activists in San Francisco, and get some neighbors to pitch in for blocks and lawn chairs to force 5-pm drivers to go around you! You won’t be seriously impeding traffic, so you shouldn’t get in much trouble, but you’ll make the evening news and be a long-way toward demonstrating that couplets can be easily improved.
Positioning for Intensification
Think about downtown Portland, Seattle, San Francisco, Denver, New Orleans, Washington D.C., Manhattan, and dozens of other ultra-high density locations here and abroad. What do they all have in common? One-ways are a BIG part of how they achieved and maintain such densities. Their tight grids matter, but ever since Henry Ford, the ability for vehicles to flow also matters to buses, trolleys, UPS trucks, cement trucks, taxis, and automated vehicles. Two-ways will simply gridlock at lower traffic volumes than one-ways. It’s physics.
When ANY mode becomes unattractive, the market is hindered and some will build elsewhere – especially if not yet at critical mass for alternative modes to weigh in heavily. Engineers used to focus on both high-volume and high-speed. But you can still have high-volume at low speeds. As Andrew Price pointed out in his Strong Towns post “A case for one-way streets” traffic and other modes dance well on one-ways in major downtowns because traffic is slow. Pedestrians cross at-will anywhere they want, as they only need a gap in one direction. Mother Nature discovered our blood “network” is best managed as one-way streets: arteries for oxygen, veins for return. “Two-way blood-vessels” would mean high blood pressure and stunted growth.
One-Ways… What Kind of Drug Are These? Let’s Discuss!
No wise doctor would ever discount all potential uses of a drug just because negative side-effects outweigh benefits if applied incorrectly. In our “bio-engineering” of the urban body, I’m convinced we can apply low-speed one-ways correctly and achieve impressive benefits. But they’re a powerful drug that’s been abused in the past, and too many are too scared to prescribe them. They’re a bit hallucinogenic, and I’m not sure who’s hallucinating the most – me or the critics. Am I missing key weaknesses? Are critics unfairly blaming the wrong thing? Are there cases where conversion makes more sense than traffic calming?
I invite you to weigh in, or notify anyone with a lot of experience to weigh in. I’ll respond to comments, and hope you’ll watch for Part 2 with examples of how couplets outside downtowns can help to kill stroads!